Install Let's Encrypt SSL with Certbot (Apache) on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install py310-certbot py310-certbot-apache 2>/dev/null || pkg_add certbot

Step 2 – Obtain and install

certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com

Step 3 – Verify

apachectl configtest && systemctl r...

Install Let's Encrypt SSL with Certbot (Nginx) on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install Certbot + Nginx plugin

pkgin install py310-certbot py310-certbot-nginx

Step 2 – Obtain certificate

certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com

Certbot modifies Nginx config and optionally redirects HTTP to H...

Install MariaDB on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install and secure

pkgin install mariadb-server
mysql_install_db --user=mysql
echo 'mysqld=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service mysqld start
mysql_secure_installation

Step 2 – Create database and user

CREATE DATABASE appdb CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb...

Install Memcached on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install memcached
echo 'memcached=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service memcached start

Step 2 – Configure (/usr/pkg/etc/memcached.conf)

-l 127.0.0.1   # listen on localhost only
-m 256         # memory (MB)
-c 1024        # max connections
-...

Install ModSecurity WAF on Apache – NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install ap2-mod_security2

Step 2 – Enable detection mode

cp /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf-recommended /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf 2>/dev/null || \
   cp /usr/share/doc/libapache2-mod-security2/examples/modsecurity...

Install MySQL on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install and secure

pkgin install mysql80-server
/usr/pkg/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql
echo 'mysqld=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service mysqld start
mysql_secure_installation

Step 2 – Connect

mysql -u root -p

Step 3 – Create database and user

CREATE...

Install Nginx on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Update pkgin

pkgin update

Step 2 – Install

pkgin install nginx

Step 3 – Enable at boot

Add to /etc/rc.conf:

nginx=YES

/etc/rc.d/nginx start

Step 4 – NPF firewall

Add to /etc/npf.conf:

pass in final proto tcp to any port 80
pass in final p...

Install Node.js on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install nodejs

Step 2 – Verify

node --version && npm --version

Step 3 – Simple HTTP server

// app.js
const http = require('http');
http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
  res.end('Hello...

Install Percona XtraDB Cluster (PXC) on NetBSD 10

PXC provides synchronous multi-master MySQL replication using the Galera library.

Step 1 – Install

# PXC is primarily packaged for RHEL/Debian.
# On NetBSD 10, use Percona's binary tarball:
# https://www.percona.com/downloads/Percona-XtraDB-Clu...

Install PHP-FPM on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install php php-fpm
echo 'php_fpm=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service php_fpm start

Step 2 – Verify

php --version
php-fpm -v 2>/dev/null || php-fpm8.3 -v 2>/dev/null || php-fpm8.2 -v

Step 3 – Key pool settings (/usr/pkg/etc/php-fpm.d/www.con...

Install PostgreSQL on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install postgresql16-server postgresql16-client
su -l pgsql -c 'initdb -D /usr/pkg/pgsql/data'
echo 'pgsql=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service postgresql start

Step 2 – Connect as superuser

sudo -u postgres psql

Step 3 – Create database an

Install Prometheus on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

VERSION=2.51.2
wget https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/v${VERSION}/prometheus-${VERSION}.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xvf prometheus-${VERSION}.linux-amd64.tar.gz
cp prometheus-${VERSION}.linux-amd64/prometheus /usr/local/bin/
cp...

Install Redis on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install redis
echo 'redis=YES' >> /etc/rc.conf && service redis start

Step 2 – Verify

redis-cli ping   # PONG

Step 3 – Bind and password (/usr/pkg/etc/redis/redis.conf)

bind 127.0.0.1 ::1
requirepass StrongRedisPass!

Restart, then:

r...

Install Varnish Cache on NetBSD 10

Step 1 – Install

pkgin install varnish 2>/dev/null || pkg_add varnish

Step 2 – Basic /etc/varnish/default.vcl

vcl 4.1;

backend default {
    .host = "127.0.0.1";
    .port = "8080";
    .connect_timeout = 5s;
    .first_byte_timeout = 90s;
}

sub vcl_recv...

Install WordPress on NetBSD 10 (Nginx + PHP-FPM + MySQL)

Prerequisites

• Nginx · PHP-FPM · MySQL

Step 1 – Database

CREATE DATABASE wordpress CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
CREATE USER 'wpuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'WPStrongPass!';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpre...

Integrate PHP-FPM with Nginx on NetBSD 10

Prerequisites

PHP-FPM installed and running. See PHP-FPM install guide.

Socket path: /var/run/php-fpm.sock

Step 1 – Nginx server block

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    root /var/www/example.com/html;
    index index.php i...

MariaDB Backup and Restore on NetBSD 10

mariadb-dump (logical)

mariadb-dump -u root -p appdb > /backups/appdb_$(date +%F).sql
mariadb-dump -u root -p --all-databases --single-transaction > /backups/all_$(date +%F).sql

Restore

mariadb -u root -p appdb < /backups/appdb_2026-05-07.sql

Mariaba

MariaDB Galera Cluster on NetBSD 10

Nodes: 192.168.1.10 · 192.168.1.11 · 192.168.1.12

Step 1 – Install Galera on all nodes

# Install mariadb-galera for NetBSD 10

Step 2 – Configure Node 1 (/etc/mysql/conf.d/galera.cnf)

[mysqld]
binlog_format            = ROW
default-storage-engine...

Memcached Distributed Setup on NetBSD 10

Memcached itself has no cluster mode — distribution is handled by the client using consistent hashing.

Run multiple instances

memcached -d -l 192.168.1.10 -p 11211 -m 512 -t 4 -u memcache
memcached -d -l 192.168.1.11 -p 11211 -m 512 -t 4 -u memcache

s

Monitor Percona XtraDB Cluster on NetBSD 10

Key wsrep variables

SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_%';

MySQL Backup and Restore on NetBSD 10

mysqldump

# Single database
mysqldump -u root -p appdb > /backups/appdb_$(date +%F).sql

# All databases
mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /backups/all_$(date +%F).sql

# Compressed
mysqldump -u root -p appdb | gzip > /backups/appdb_$(date +%F).sql.gz

MySQL Primary-Replica Replication on NetBSD 10

Primary: 192.168.1.10   Replica: 192.168.1.11

Primary – my.cnf

[mysqld]
server-id   = 1
log_bin     = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin
binlog_format = ROW
binlog_expire_logs_seconds = 604800

CREATE USER 'replicator'@'192.168.1.11' IDENTIFIED WITH my...

Nginx Load Balancing on NetBSD 10

Round-robin (default)

upstream myapp {
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
    server 192.168.1.12:8080;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lb.example.com;
    location / { proxy_pass http://myapp; }
}

Least connections

upstrea...

Nginx Rate Limiting on NetBSD 10

Define zones in http block

http {
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m     rate=10r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login:10m   rate=5r/m;
}

Apply to locations

location /api/ {
    limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
    limit...